View abstract. A., Blazhevvich, N. V., and Beketova, N. A. Foods that are particularly rich in riboflavin include eggs, organ meats (kidneys and liver), lean meats, and milk [2,4]. These coenzymes play major roles in energy production; cellular function, growth, and development; and metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids [1-3]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(8):2136-2145. Institute of Medicine. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. Hovi, L., Hekali, R., and Siimes, M. A. J Clin Invest 1981;67:1500-6. Food Nutr Res 2012;56. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005:545-68. Apeland, T., Mansoor, M. A., Pentieva, K., McNulty, H., Seljeflot, I., and Strandjord, R. E. The effect of B-vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia in patients on antiepileptic drugs. View abstract. Altern.Med.Rev. Riboflavin is important in the maintenance of many tissues of the body. Yorns WR, Jr., Hardison HH. Physiologist 1985;28:322. 2021;114:5-8. Ding, Z., Gao, F., and Lin, P. [Long-term effect of treating patients with precancerous lesions of the esophagus]. J Biol Chem 1983;258:5629-33.. View abstract. Jusko WJ, Levy G, Yaffe SJ, Gorodischer R. Effect of probenecid on renal clearance of riboflavin in man.J Pharm Sci 1970;59:473-7. View abstract. In well-nourished women, riboflavin concentrations in breast milk range from 180 to 800 mcg/L and concentrations of riboflavin in breast milk increase over time [27,28]. View abstract. View abstract. 2007;224(9):700-706. J Am Diet Assoc 1997;97:867-70. Hum.Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37(6):427-432. J Nutr 2008;138:2372-8. -Once it's absorbed as riboflavin it can revert back to conenzyme form. J Am Diet Assoc 2011;111:819-27. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012;66:182-7. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:100-6. View abstract. View abstract. Massiou, H. [Prophylactic treatments of migraine]. View abstract. Riboflavin (RF) is a water-soluble member of the B-vitamin family. Headache 2000;40:30-5. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. View abstract. The risk of riboflavin loss from exposure to light is the reason why milk is not typically stored in glass containers [3,5]. This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. View abstract. Ann.Epidemiol 1993;3(3):225-234. Kamangar, F., Qiao, Y. L., Yu, B., Sun, X. D., Abnet, C. C., Fan, J. H., Mark, S. D., Zhao, P., Dawsey, S. M., and Taylor, P. R. Lung cancer chemoprevention: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China. McNulty, H., Pentieva, K., Hoey, L., and Ward, M. Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD. Am J Ophthalmol. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke.Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1998;20(6):413-418. Mooij PN, Thomas CM, Doesburg WH, Eskes TK. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:247-9.. View abstract. Dig Disease Week Liver Conf, San Diego,CA. Fischer Walker, C. L., Baqui, A. H., Ahmed, S., Zaman, K., El, Arifeen S., Begum, N., Yunus, M., Black, R. E., and Caulfield, L. E. Low-dose weekly supplementation of iron and/or zinc does not affect growth among Bangladeshi infants. High-dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre. Eur J Nutr 2008;47:357-65. Can.J Appl.Physiol 2004;29(6):773-780. View abstract. View abstract. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Choose fish, poultry, beans, and nuts; limit red meat and cheese; avoid bacon, cold cuts, and other processed meats. The Linxian cataract studies. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. To avoid this interaction, take riboflavin 2 hours before or 4 hours after taking tetracyclines. Dairy milk Yogurt Cheese Eggs Lean beef and pork Organ meats (beef liver) Chicken breast Salmon Fortified cereal and bread Almonds Spinach Signs of Deficiency and Toxicity Deficiency For a general overview of Riboflavin, see our consumer fact sheet on Riboflavin. View abstract. Boehnke C, Reuter U, Flach U, et al. View abstract. In developing countries, in contrast, riboflavin levels in breast milk range from 160 to 220 mcg/L [27]. Vegans/vegetarians due to a lower intake or complete exclusion of dairy and meat products. View abstract. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33:832-8.. View abstract. Limit milk/dairy (1-2 servings/day) and juice (1 small glass/day). Evidence of riboflavin depletion in breast-fed newborns and its further acceleration during treatment of hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy. May 11, 2022 However, data on the relationship between riboflavin and cancer prevention or treatment are limited and study findings are mixed. Join the ODS Email List. Bates, C. J., Powers, H. J., Lamb, W. H., Gelman, W., and Webb, E. Effect of supplementary vitamins and iron on malaria indices in rural Gambian children. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults:[RETIRED]: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Can J Neurol.Sci 2012;39:S1-59. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2005;82(6):1320-1326. [, American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, American College of Sports Medicine, Rodriguez NR, Di Marco NM, Langley S. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Incorporate physical activity into your daily routine. J Am Diet.Assoc. Qu, C. X., Kamangar, F., Fan, J. H., Yu, B., Sun, X. D., Taylor, P. R., Chen, B. E., Abnet, C. C., Qiao, Y. L., Mark, S. D., and Dawsey, S. M. Chemoprevention of primary liver cancer: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China. Zaridze, D. G., Kuvshinov, J. P., Matiakin, E., Polakov, B. I., Boyle, P., and Blettner, M. Chemoprevention of oral and esophageal cancer in Uzbekistan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. Animal studies show that the brain and heart disorders and some cancers can develop from long-term riboflavin deficiency. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1991;37:473-7.. View abstract. Effect of low-dosage vitamin A and riboflavin on iron-folate supplementation in anaemic pregnant women. Riboflavin regulates circulating levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that enters the diet fromanimal protein foods like meat. Most people in the United States consume the recommended amounts of riboflavin. Headache 2004;44:885-90. 2nd ed. Vitamin D. An excess of Vitamin ____ can cause excess calcium withdrawal from the bones. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999. pg.391-9. Nervenarzt 2008;79(10):1135-40, 1142. View abstract. [, Waldmann A, Koschizke JW, Leitzmann C, Hahn A. Dietary intakes and lifestyle factors of a vegan population in Germany: results from the German Vegan Study. View abstract. The limited evidence on the benefits of riboflavin supplements during pregnancy in both developed and developing countries is mixed [21-23]. Pinto J, Huang YP, Pelliccione N, Rivlin RS. View abstract. [Chemoprevention in the high incidence area of lung cancer]. Diet, nutritional status, and cancer risk in American blacks. Vascul.Pharmacol. [, Majchrzak D, Singer I, Manner M, Rust P, Genser D, Wagner KH, et al. Because riboflavin is soluble in water, about twice as much riboflavin content is lost in cooking water when foods are boiled as when they are prepared in other ways, such as by steaming or microwaving [11]. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. 2006;15(8):1562-1564. Management of migraine: an algorithmic approach. Br J Nutr. The maternal homocysteine pathway is influenced by riboflavin intake and MTHFR polymorphisms without affecting the risk of orofacial clefts in the offspring. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55(1):1-7. View abstract. Riboflavin deficiency is extremely rare in the United States. Riboflavin. Naghashpour M, Majdinasab N, Shakerinejad G, et al. View abstract. Flavins are a family of organic compounds derived in vivo from riboflavin ( Figure 3 ). OTHER NAME(S): B Complex Vitamin, Complexe de Vitamines B, Flavin. J Urol. View abstract. 1998;47(1):11. Clin J Pain 2009;25(5):446-452. FDA does not require food labels to list riboflavin content unless riboflavin has been added to the food. [, Sanchez DJ, Murphy MM, Bosch-Sabater J, Fernandez-Ballart J. Enzymic evaluation of thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of parturient mothers and their newborn infants in a Mediterranean area of Spain. (Paris) 2000;156 Suppl 4:4S79-4S86. Riboflavin offers a targeted strategy for managing hypertension in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype: a 4-y follow-up. View abstract. Hypertension. Animal studies show that the brain and heart disorders and some cancers can develop from long-term riboflavin deficiency. Sources include pork, legumes, fish, peas, and liver. Neurology 2000;55(9 Suppl 2):S46-S52. Intake recommendations for riboflavin and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies [3]. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine state that vegetarian athletes are at risk of riboflavin deficiency because of their increased need for this nutrient and because some vegetarians exclude all animal products (including milk, yogurt, cheese, and eggs), which tend to be good sources of riboflavin, from their diets [19]. View abstract. Wadhwa, A., Sabharwal, M., and Sharma, S. Nutritional status of the elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1988;88:211-3.. View abstract. Premkumar, V. G., Yuvaraj, S., Shanthi, P., and Sachdanandam, P. Co-enzyme Q10, riboflavin and niacin supplementation on alteration of DNA repair enzyme and DNA methylation in breast cancer patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1979;49:286-90.. View abstract. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate riboflavin status. View abstract. However, riboflavin supplements rarely reverse later anatomical changes (such as formation of cataracts) [1]. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:861-3.. View abstract. Accounting for differences in the bioactivity and bioavailability of vitamers. [, Allen LH. They have to be taken on a regular basis to maintain the reserve. Fairweather-Tait SJ, Powers HJ, Minski MJ, et al. Contraception 1991;44:277-88. Sperduto RD, Hu TS, Milton RC, et al. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Participation in NIH Funding Initiatives, Administrative Supplements for Research on Dietary Supplements, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Frequently Asked Questions About ODS Grants & Co-funding, Resources for Investigators Submitting Natural Products Research Grant Applications, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee. View abstract. B., MacFarlane, P. W., and Westendorp, R. G. Randomized controlled trial of homocysteine-lowering vitamin treatment in elderly patients with vascular disease. Rosado, J. L., Bourges, H., and Saint-Martin, B. View abstract. In adults, the average daily riboflavin intake from foods is 2.5 mg in men and 1.8 mg in women. View abstract. Drug Nutr Interact. Vitamin deficiency]. This technique is less accurate for reflecting long-term riboflavin status than EGRAC [1,6]. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2001;24(8):870-873. View abstract. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in several important functions of the body. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. Gariballa, S. and Ullegaddi, R. Riboflavin status in acute ischaemic stroke. Among other things, it helps metabolize glucosethe form of sugar that the body uses for energyand supports the production of healthy red blood cells. Taylor, P. R., Li, B., Dawsey, S. M., Li, J. Y., Yang, C. S., Guo, W., and Blot, W. J. View abstract. [, Agte V, Tarwadi K, Mengale S, Hinge A, Chiplonkar S. Vitamin profile of cooked foods: how healthy is the practice of ready-to-eat foods? . Kulkarni PM, Schuman PC, Merlino NS, Kinzie JL. Riboflavin. View abstract. Navarro, M. and Wood, R. J. Bugiani, M., Lamantea, E., Invernizzi, F., Moroni, I., Bizzi, A., Zeviani, M., and Uziel, G. Effects of riboflavin in children with complex II deficiency. Vitamin D. Excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults may result in. Neuropsychobiology 1995;32(2):98-105. Benton, D., Haller, J., and Fordy, J. Vitamin supplementation for 1 year improves mood. All rights reserved. Koller, T. and Seiler, T. [Therapeutic cross-linking of the cornea using riboflavin/UVA]. Intakes of riboflavin from food that are many times the RDA have no observable toxicity, possibly because riboflavin's solubility and capacity to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract are limited [1,3]. Sanpitak N, Chayutimonkul L. Oral contraceptives and riboflavin nutrition. Although no cure exists for riboflavin transporter deficiency, high-dose riboflavin supplementation can be a life-saving treatment in this population, especially when it is initiated soon after symptom onset. Int J Cancer 2000;86:122-7.. View abstract. Suboticanec, K., Stavljenic, A., Schalch, W., and Buzina, R. Effects of pyridoxine and riboflavin supplementation on physical fitness in young adolescents. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Riboflavin in the form of FAD is an essential coenzyme for 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, a key enzyme of the folate pathway, which catalyzes the interconversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:27-38. Food and Nutrition Board. Riboflavin is used to treat or prevent deficiencies of riboflavin. In a randomized trial in 55 adults with migraine, 400 mg/day riboflavin reduced the frequency of migraine attacks by two per month compared to placebo [41]. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012;7:83. Ann Nutr Metab 2006;50:485-91. Explore the downloadable guide with tips and strategies for healthy eating and healthy living. [, Bruijn J, Duivenvoorden H, Passchier J, Locher H, Dijkstra N, Arts WF. J Nutr 2008;138(10):1946-1950. 1996;96(5):490-498. View abstract. Most riboflavin is absorbed in the proximal small intestine [4]. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Anemia and cataracts can develop if riboflavin deficiency is severe and prolonged [1]. The signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency (also known as ariboflavinosis) include skin disorders, hyperemia (excess blood) and edema of the mouth and throat, angular stomatitis (lesions at the corners of the mouth), cheilosis (swollen, cracked lips), hair loss, reproductive problems, sore throat, itchy and red eyes, and degeneration of the liver and nervous system [1-3,8]. Stability of tetracycline and riboflavin. Lu YT, Gunathilake M, Lee J, Choi IJ, Kim YI, Kim J. Riboflavin intake, MTRR genetic polymorphism (rs1532268) and gastric cancer risk in a Korean population: a case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63(1):54-66. View abstract. Sanchez-Castillo, C. P., Lara, J., Romero-Keith, J., Castorena, G., Villa, A. R., Lopez, N., Pedraza, J., Medina, O., Rodriguez, C., Chavez-Peon, Medina F., and James, W. P. Nutrition and cataract in low-income Mexicans: experience in an Eye camp. [1] Most riboflavin is used immediately and not stored in the body, so excess amounts are excreted in the urine. Charoenlarp, P., Pholpothi, T., Chatpunyaporn, P., and Schelp, F. P. The effect of riboflavin on the hematologic changes in iron supplementation of schoolchildren. Macdonald, H. M., McGuigan, F. E., Fraser, W. D., New, S. A., Ralston, S. H., and Reid, D. M. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism interacts with riboflavin intake to influence bone mineral density. View abstract. 1998 ed. Gematol.Transfuziol. View abstract. View abstract. [, Larsson CL, Johansson GK. Sandor PS, Afra J, Ambrosini A, Schoenen J. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with beta-blockers and riboflavin: differential effects on the intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials. In adults aged 20 and older, the average daily riboflavin intake from foods and supplements is 4.5 mg in men and 4.7 mg in women. View abstract. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:517-26. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:332-43. Zhonghua Zhong.Liu Za Zhi 1999;21(4):275-277. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. 1990;61:64-131. View abstract. McNulty, H. and Scott, J. M. Intake and status of folate and related B-vitamins: considerations and challenges in achieving optimal status. Powers, H. J., Bates, C. J., Eccles, M., Brown, H., and George, E. Bicycling performance in Gambian children: effects of supplements of riboflavin or ascorbic acid. Correcting a marginal riboflavin deficiency improves hematologic status in young women in the United Kingdom (RIBOFEM). View abstract. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet. View abstract. [, Zschabitz S, Cheng TY, Neuhouser ML, Zheng Y, Ray RM, Miller JW, et al. View abstract. View abstract. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) have an attached phosphate or ADP, respectively. J Nutr 2003;133(11 Suppl 2):3936S-3940S. Nutrition 1993;9(1):10-17. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(6):1451-1462. Lin, P., Zhang, J., Rong, Z., Han, R., Xu, S., Gao, R., Ding, Z., Wang, J., Feng, H., and Cao, S. Studies on medicamentous inhibitory therapy for esophageal precancerous lesions--3- and 5-year inhibitory effects of antitumor-B, retinamide and riboflavin. View abstract. Riboflavin deficiency caused by treatment with adriamycin. For pregnancy and lactation, the amount increases to 1.4 mg and 1.6 mg daily, respectively. For this reason, people who live in developing countries and have limited intakes of meat and dairy products have an increased risk of riboflavin deficiency [29,30]. View abstract. Jusko WJ, Levy G. Effect of probenecid on riboflavin absorption and excretion in man. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1960S-80S. The DV for riboflavin is 1.3 mg for adults and children aged 4 years and older [13]. View abstract. Igbedioh, S. O. Undernutrition in Nigeria: dimension, causes and remedies for alleviation in a changing socio-economic environment. Head, K. A. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. View abstract. Seasonal variations in vitamins A, C, riboflavin and folate intakes and status of pregnant and lactating women in a rural Gambian community: some possible implications. 2013;61(6):1302-8. 2003;17(9):641-654. 9th ed. The conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to niacin (sometimes referred to as vitamin B3) requires FAD [3]. Mattimoe, D. and Newton, W. High-dose riboflavin for migraine prophylaxis. Br.J.Nutr. Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis. Koller, T., Mrochen, M., and Seiler, T. Complication and failure rates after corneal crosslinking. When excess amounts are consumed, they are either not absorbed or the small amount that is absorbed is excreted in urine [3]. Eur J Neurol 2004;11:475-7. Arch.Latinoam.Nutr 2001;51(2):113-121. [2] Therefore, a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for riboflavin has not been established. Riboflavin deficiency in women taking oral contraceptive agents. Natl.Cancer Inst.Monogr 1985;69:259-262. Sazawal S, Black RE, Menon VP, et al. Supplements containing riboflavin only or B-complex vitamins (that include riboflavin) are also available. History of changes to this fact sheet. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006;93:136-7. During pregnancy, the RDA is 1.4 mg, and during. [, Johansson M, Relton C, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Midttun O, Nygard O, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. View abstract. View abstract. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. Mark SD, Wang W, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Prophylaxis of migraine headaches with riboflavin: a systematic review. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182. 11th ed. Therefore riboflavin has been studied as a prophylactic therapy for preventing migraines. View abstract. J Reprod Med 1984;29:547-50.. View abstract. Riboflavin. Brain Dev 2006;28(9):576-581. Gaylord AM, Warthesen JJ, Smith DE. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academics. [, Whitfield KC, Karakochuk CD, Liu Y, McCann A, Talukder A, Kroeun H, et al. Caporossi, A., Baiocchi, S., Mazzotta, C., Traversi, C., and Caporossi, T. Parasurgical therapy for keratoconus by riboflavin-ultraviolet type A rays induced cross-linking of corneal collagen: preliminary refractive results in an Italian study. 2008;24(7):S720-S725. Siassi, F. and Ghadirian, P. Riboflavin deficiency and esophageal cancer: a case control-household study in the Caspian Littoral of Iran. Total riboflavin excretion in healthy, riboflavin-replete adults is at least 120 mcg/day; a rate of less than 40 mcg/day indicates deficiency [1,6]. CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. Kastrup EK. View abstract. Bacteria in the gut can produce small amounts of riboflavin, but not enough to meet dietary needs. The authors noted that a beneficial effect of riboflavin did not start until after the first month, and showed maximum benefit after three months of use. View abstract. However, maternal riboflavin intake has no association with the risk of orofacial clefts in infants [26]. 2009;35(8):1358-1362. View abstract. The most appropriate EGRAC thresholds for indicating normal or abnormal riboflavin status are uncertain [6]. Cephalalgia 2010;30:1426-34. Silberstein, S. D., Goadsby, P. J., and Lipton, R. B. Efficacy, Safety, and Acceptability of Pharmacologic Treatments for Pediatric Migraine Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials Study Group. Sammon, A. M. and Alderson, D. Diet, reflux and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus in Africa. A study in rural school boys. View abstract. Pediatrics 2001;108:1280-6. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and risk of lung cancer. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) The largest dietary contributors of total riboflavin intake in U.S. men and women are milk and milk drinks, bread and bread products, mixed foods whose main ingredient is meat, ready-to-eat cereals, and mixed foods whose main ingredient is grain [3]. A randomized controlled trial of 55 adults with migraines were given either 400 mg daily of riboflavin or a placebo and followed for four months. 2006;93(2):136-137. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. Breakfast cereals, fortified with 100% of the DV for riboflavin, 1 serving, Oats, instant, fortified, cooked with water, 1 cup, Beef, tenderloin steak, boneless, trimmed of fat, grilled, 3 ounces, Clams, mixed species, cooked, moist heat, 3 ounces, Mushrooms, portabella, sliced, grilled, cup, Rotisserie chicken, breast meat only, 3 ounces, Bagel, plain, enriched, 1 medium (3"4" diameter), Macaroni, elbow shaped, whole wheat, cooked, 1 cup, Cod, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces, Rice, white, enriched, long grain, cooked, cup. Ahmed F, Bamji MS, Iyengar L. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin nutrition status. Neugebauer, J., Zanre, Y., and Wacker, J. Riboflavin supplementation and preeclampsia. Cherstvova, L. G. [Biological role of vitamin B2 in iron deficiency anemia]. [, Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. [, Wacker J, Fruhauf J, Schulz M, Chiwora FM, Volz J, Becker K. Riboflavin deficiency and preeclampsia. 2008;67(2):232-237. Food and Nutrition Board. Suspected outbreak of riboflavin deficiency among populations reliant on food assistance: a case study of drought-stricken Karamoja, Uganda, 2009-2010. Pregnant women, especially in those who consume little dairy (lactose intolerance) or meat, due to increased nutrient needs with a growing fetus. Riboflavin is naturally present in some foods, added to some food products, and available as a dietary supplement. Klin Monbl.Augenheilkd. Serum B vitamin levels and risk of lung cancer. Accelerated development of riboflavin deficiency by treatment with chlorpromazine. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Future studies, including clinical trials, are needed to clarify the relationship between riboflavin intakes and various types of cancer and determine whether riboflavin supplements might reduce cancer risk. View abstract. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. Cancer Res 4-15-1988;48(8):2280-2283. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for riboflavin that is equivalent to the mean intake of riboflavin in healthy, breastfed infants. Lynch, S. Influence of infection/inflammation, thalassemia and nutritional status on iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29(6):675-684. In addition, riboflavin helps maintain normal levels of homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood [1]. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al., eds. An EGRAC of 1.2 or less is usually used to indicate adequate riboflavin status, 1.21.4 to indicate marginal deficiency, and greater than 1.4 to indicate riboflavin deficiency [1,6]. McNulty, H., McKinley, M. C., Wilson, B., McPartlin, J., Strain, J. J., Weir, D. G., and Scott, J. M. Impaired functioning of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is dependent on riboflavin status: implications for riboflavin requirements. [, Jaeger B, Bosch AM. Solomons, N. W. Micronutrients and urban life-style: lessons from Guatemala. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:495-501.. View abstract. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Riboflavin. View abstract. 2006;17(4):356-360. Cephalalgia 1994;14:328-9. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed DVs to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet. 2016;39(4):559-64. Riboflavin transporter deficiency (formerly known as Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere or Fazio-Londe syndrome) is a rare neurological disorder. 2003;135(5):620-627. However, a higher EGRAC does not necessarily correlate with degree of riboflavin deficiency. Br J Nutr 2022;127(7):1026-1033. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Hypertension. Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2005;64:713-5. An analysis of data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed that less than 6% of the U.S. population has an intake of riboflavin from foods and supplements below the EAR [15]. McCormick DB. Pelliccione N, Pinto J, Huang YP, Rivlin RS. The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. Supplementary vitamin E, selenium, cysteine and riboflavin for preventing kwashiorkor in preschool children in developing countries. 2020;174(4):341-349. Experientia Suppl 1983;44:245-263. The Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere and Fazio Londe syndrome revisited: natural history, genetics, treatment and future perspectives. Assessment of the Status of Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Niacin. Moreover, ultraviolet and visible light can rapidly inactivate riboflavin and its derivatives. Foods, fortificants, and supplements: where do Americans get their nutrients? World Rev.Nutr Diet. Holmlund, D. and Sjodin, J. G. Treatment of ureteral colic with intravenous indomethacin. Riboflavin status is not routinely measured in healthy people. Brosnan, J. T. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: interactions between nutrition, genetics and lifestyle. Lancet 1974;1:1234-5. JAMA 2010;303:2377-85. Epilepsy Res 2002;51(3):237-247. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Kunsman GW, Levine B, Smith ML. Aust Fam.Physician 2005;34(8):647-651. Cataracts and riboflavin deficiency. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1979;49:59-63.. View abstract. Eat a variety of whole grains (like whole-wheat bread, whole-grain pasta, and brown rice). Symptoms may include: A toxic level of riboflavin has not been observed from food sources and supplements. View abstract. Munoz, N., Wahrendorf, J., Bang, L. J., Crespi, M., Thurnham, D. I., Day, N. E., Ji, Z. H., Grassi, A., Yan, L. W., Lin, L. G., and . Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B 2, is a vitamin found in food and sold as a dietary supplement. Udhayabanu T, Karthi S, Mahesh A, Varalakshmi P, Manole A, Houlden H, Ashokkumar B. Adaptive regulation of riboflavin transport in heart: effect of dietary riboflavin deficiency in cardiovascular pathogenesis. Southeast Asian J.Trop.Med.Public Health 1980;11(1):97-103. These headaches are sometimes preceded or accompanied by aura (transient focal neurological symptoms before or during the headaches). 2021 Mar 29:1-12. A UL has not been established for riboflavin, because a toxic level has not been observed from food sources or from longer-term intakes of high-dose supplements. The average daily riboflavin intake from foods and supplements in children and teens is 2.1 mg for ages 25 years, 2.2 mg for ages 611, and 2.3 mg for ages 1219. Bamji, M. S. Vitamin deficiencies in rice-eating populations. D'Avanzo, B., Ron, E., La, Vecchia C., Francaschi, S., Negri, E., and Zleglar, R. Selected micronutrient intake and thyroid carcinoma risk. The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society concluded that riboflavin is probably effective for preventing migraine headaches and recommended offering it for this purpose [45]. View abstract. 2006;32(5):837-845. Dietary reference intakes (DRIs): estimated average requirements. Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to play a causal role in some types of migraine [39]. Porcelli, P. J., Adcock, E. W., DelPaggio, D., Swift, L. L., and Greene, H. L. Plasma and urine riboflavin and pyridoxine concentrations in enterally fed very-low-birth-weight neonates. Thiamin: Vitamin B1 What is Thiamin. Powers, H. J. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. Bates, C. J., Flewitt, A., Prentice, A. M., Lamb, W. H., and Whitehead, R. G. Efficacy of a riboflavin supplement given at fortnightly intervals to pregnant and lactating women in rural Gambia. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(6):1352-1360. Prevention of esophageal cancer: the nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China. Pascale, J. Int J Gynaecol.Obstet. Dyer, A. R., Elliott, P., Stamler, J., Chan, Q., Ueshima, H., and Zhou, B. F. Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: the INTERMAP study. Lewis CM, King JC. *DV = Daily Value. After 30 minutes of sun exposure which of the following people would have synthesized more vitamin D. View abstract. Taking riboflavin along with tetracyclines might decrease the effects of tetracyclines. The Canadian Headache Society recommends 400 mg/day riboflavin for migraine headache prevention, noting that although the evidence supporting this recommendation is of low quality, there is some evidence for benefit and side effects (such as discolored urine) are minimal [46]. Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020. Selected micronutrients and oral and pharyngeal cancer. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 1996;66(2):151-157. Washington: AACC Press, 1995. Can J Neurol Sci 2012;39:S1-59. View abstract. J Dairy Sci 1986;69:2779-84. Leftover amounts of the vitamin leave the body through the urine. Br J Nutr 1979;41(3):431-441. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13(6):629-640. MartCarvajal AJ, Sola I, Lathyris D, Dayer M. Homocysteinelowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Hydroxylation of the 7- and 8-methyl groups of riboflavin by the microsomal electron transfer system of rat liver. J Child Neurol 2008;23:1300-4. View abstract. Raiczyk GB, Pinto J. Inhibition of flavin metabolism by adriamycin in skeletal muscle. B Vitamins in Breast Milk: Relative importance of maternal status and intake, and effects on infant status and function. View abstract. Yoon, H. R., Hahn, S. H., Ahn, Y. M., Jang, S. H., Shin, Y. J., Lee, E. H., Ryu, K. H., Eun, B. L., Rinaldo, P., and Yamaguchi, S. Therapeutic trial in the first three Asian cases of ethylmalonic encephalopathy: response to riboflavin. Trans.R.Soc.Trop.Med.Hyg. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).". Poor thiamin and riboflavin status is common among women of childbearing age in rural and urban cambodia. J Headache and Pain. Because riboflavin is required for mitochondrial function, researchers are studying the potential use of riboflavin to prevent or treat migraine headaches [40]. Tepper, S. J. Complementary and alternative treatments for childhood headaches. Paediatr.Perinat.Epidemiol 1995;9(3):307-319. Riboflavin is a type of B vitamin. Gupta SK, Gupta RC, Seth AK, Gupta A. Riboflavin intakes during pregnancy have a positive association with infant birth weight and length [24]. Odigwe, C. C., Smedslund, G., Ejemot-Nwadiaro, R. I., Anyanechi, C. C., and Krawinkel, M. B. Riboflavin nutriture of oral contraceptive users. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Institute of Medicine. van der Beek, E. J., van, Dokkum W., Wedel, M., Schrijver, J., and Van den Berg, H. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man. View abstract. Zaridze, D., Evstifeeva, T., and Boyle, P. Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia and chronic esophagitis in an area of high incidence of oral and esophageal cancer. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;100(6):387-391. A. Available at: https://books.nap.edu/books/0309065542/html/. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. View abstract. Riboflavin deficiency and iron absorption in adult Gambian men. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is naturally present in foods, added to foods, and available as a supplement. View abstract. Condo M, Posar A, Arbizzani A, Parmeggiani A. Riboflavin prophylaxis in pediatric and adolescent migraine. II. 1997;(3):11-16. 1987;81(2):286-291. Bell IR, Edman JS, Morrow FD, et al. No effect of riboflavine, retinol, and zinc on prevalence of precancerous lesions of oesophagus. 1. 1969;58(3):355-7. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Riboflavin is a key component of coenzymes involved with the growth of cells, energy production, and the breakdown of fats, steroids, and medications. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Eur.J Clin Nutr 2009;63(1):87-92. View abstract. 2000;May 21-4:Rep11. Lin, P. Z., Zhang, J. S., Cao, S. G., Rong, Z. P., Gao, R. Q., Han, R., and Shu, S. P. [Secondary prevention of esophageal cancer--intervention on precancerous lesions of the esophagus]. It can begin between infancy and young adulthood and is associated with hearing loss, bulbar palsy (a motor-neuron disease), respiratory difficulties, and other symptoms [36,37]. Accentuation by phototherapy. Some, but not all, of the few small studies conducted to date have found evidence of a beneficial effect of riboflavin supplements on migraine headaches in adults and children. Avoid trans fat. Hum.Nutr Clin Nutr 1985;39(4):297-301. Riboflavin transport by isolated perfused rabbit renal proximal tubules. Roe DA, Bogusz S, Sheu J, et al. Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin that must be acquired from the diet. View abstract. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1246-53. Infants of mothers with riboflavin deficiency or low dietary intakes (less than 1.2 mg/day) during pregnancy have a higher risk of deficiency and of certain birth defects (such as outflow tract defects of the heart) [22,25]. 1987;5(3):143-151. View abstract. J Headache Pain 2009;10:361-5. Acta Paediatr.Scand. View abstract. Yamanaka G, Suzuki S, Takeshita M, et al. [, Badart-Smook A, van Houwelingen AC, Al MD, Kester AD, Hornstra G. Fetal growth is associated positively with maternal intake of riboflavin and negatively with maternal intake of linoleic acid. JAMA Pediatr. Wollensak, G., Sporl, E., and Seiler, T. [Treatment of keratoconus by collagen cross linking]. J Fam.Pract. The body keeps a small reserve of these vitamins. Br J Surg. Nutritional intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. It is widely found in both plant- and animal-based foods, including milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables. What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Several food sources of riboflavin are listed in Table 2. A riboflavin deficiency most often occurs with other nutrient deficiencies, such as in those who are malnourished. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. View abstract. Sandor, P. S. and Afra, J. Nonpharmacologic treatment of migraine. Biochem Pharmacol 1983;32:2949-53.. View abstract. For adult females, the RDA is 1.1 mg daily. Hernandez BY, McDuffie K, Wilkens LR, et al. Br J Cancer 2008;99:816-21. Of the known single nucleotide polymorphisms affecting this enzyme, the best known are the C699T and A1298C . Moreover, the prospective Canadian National Breast Screening Study showed no association between dietary intakes or serum levels of riboflavin and lung cancer risk in 89,835 women aged 40-59 from the general population over 16.3 years, on average [49]. View abstract. Nutrition and athletic performance. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, Franklin B, Kris-Etherton P, Harris WS, Howard B, Karanja N. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. An analysis of data on 88,045 postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study showed that total intakes of riboflavin from both foods and supplements were associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer [50]. A stable and sensitive measure of riboflavin deficiency is the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC), which is based on the ratio between this enzyme's in vitro activity in the presence of FAD to that without added FAD [1,6,7]. Riboflavin is an important nutrient that is found in many foods. [, Vujkovic M, Steegers EA, van Meurs J, Yazdanpanah N, van Rooij IA, Uitterlinden AG, et al. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. J Child Neurol. J Refract.Surg. Neurology 2012;78:1346-53. Newman LJ, Lopez R, Cole HS, et al. J Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr 1996;23(2):141-146. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: A randomized controlled trial. 1998;85(7):891-896. van der Beek, E. J., van, Dokkum W., Schrijver, J., Wedel, M., Gaillard, A. W., Wesstra, A., van de Weerd, H., and Hermus, R. J. Thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6 and C: impact of combined restricted intake on functional performance in man. Sun-Edelstein, C. and Mauskop, A. Lin, P., Chen, Z., Hou, J., Liu, T., and Wang, J. Thiamin, or vitamin B1, helps to release energy from foods, promotes normal appetite, and plays a role in muscle contraction and conduction of nerve signals. Because adverse effects from high riboflavin intakes from foods or supplements (400 mg/day for at least 3 months) have not been reported, the FNB did not establish ULs for riboflavin [3]. View abstract. Cancer Detect.Prev 2005;29(5):464-469. In most supplements, riboflavin is in the free form, but some supplements have riboflavin 5'-phosphate. View abstract. This vitamin is an essential component of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN; also known as riboflavin-5'-phosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Dietary B vitamin and methionine intakes and risk for colorectal cancer: a case-control study in China. Avoid sugary drinks. Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with riboflavin: a systematic review. The coenzymes are also required for the . Liu M, Zhou C, Zhang Z, et al. Quantification of the bioavailability of riboflavin from foods by use of stable-isotope labels and kinetic modeling. Hamajima S, Ono S, Hirano H, Obara K. Induction of the FAD synthetase system in rat liver by phenobarbital administration. Ajayi, O. View abstract. View abstract. Because the body can store only small amounts of riboflavin, urinary excretion reflects dietary intake until tissues are saturated [6]. Bacteria in the large intestine produce free riboflavin that can be absorbed by the large intestine in amounts that depend on the diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:1274-84. Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Hargreaves, M. K., Baquet, C., and Gamshadzahi, A. About 95% of riboflavin in the form of FAD or FMN from food is bioavailable up to a maximum of about 27 mg of riboflavin per meal or dose [3].The bioavailability of free riboflavin is similar to that of FAD and FMN [9,10]. [, Pringsheim T, Davenport W, Mackie G, Worthington I, Aube M, Christie SN, et al. J Nutr 2011;141:1847-54. Zhonghua Zhong.Liu Za Zhi 1988;10(3):161-166. 2001;6(2):141-166. Cancer Res 4-1-1994;54(7 Suppl):2029s-2031s. View abstract. Observational studies on the relationship between riboflavin intakes and colorectal cancer risk have not yielded conclusive results either. Food Sources for Thiamin. View abstract. Riboflavin is naturally present in some foods, added to some food products, and available as a dietary supplement. B., Thurnham, D. I., Crespi, M., and Bosch, F. X. Factors affecting riboflavin requirements of oral contraceptive users and non-users. Hoey L, McNulty H, Strain JJ. The earlier changes associated with riboflavin deficiency are easily reversed. Indian J Med Res 1997;106:340-348. Riboflavin is vitamin B2. View abstract. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. Eur.J Clin Nutr 2007;61(10):1237-1240. Riboflavin is not known to have any clinically relevant interactions with medications. Potatoes and French fries dont count. 2007;44(3):204-213. Effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the prevalence of histological dysplasia and early cancer of the esophagus and stomach: results from the General Population Trial in Linxian, China. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(6 Suppl):1424S-1426S. Diet and premalignant lesions of the cervix: evidence of a protective role for folate, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin B12. View abstract. Furthermore, the EGRAC cannot be used in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, which is present in about 10% of African Americans [8]. If the vitamin is exposed to too much light, it can be deactivated from its usable form. Am Fam.Physician 1-1-2006;73(1):72-78. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence the therapeutic response to riboflavin in migraineurs. Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. Pregnant or lactating women who rarely consume meats or dairy products (such as those living in developing countries and some vegetarians in the United States) are at risk of riboflavin deficiency, which can have adverse effects on the health of both mothers and their infants [2]. [, Manore MM. View abstract. Riboflavin deficiency, galactose metabolism and cataract. The gut can only absorb a limited amount of riboflavin at one time, and an excess is quickly excreted in the urine. View abstract. View abstract. Biochem Pharmacol 1982;31:3495-9.. View abstract. Said HM, Ross AC. View abstract. Use healthy oils (like olive and canola oil) for cooking, on salad, and at the table. A single three-ounce serving of cooked liver contains as much as 2.9 milligrams of riboflavin, or twice your. Gregory JF, 3rd. Negri E, Franceschi S, Bosetti C, et al. [. Lancet 1985;2:1040-3. View abstract. Bamji, M. S., Sarma, K. V., and Radhaiah, G. Relationship between biochemical and clinical indices of B-vitamin deficiency. Zhonghua Zhong.Liu Za Zhi 1989;11(3):207-210. Neurology 1998;50:466-70. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010;64:266-73. More than 90% of dietary riboflavin is in the form of FAD or FMN; the remaining 10% is comprised of the free form and glycosides or esters [2,3]. Improvement of migraine symptoms with a proprietary supplement containing riboflavin, magnesium and Q10: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Shargel L, Mazel P. Effect of riboflavin deficiency on phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes of the rat. Limit butter. Severe riboflavin deficiency can impair the metabolism of other nutrients, especially other B vitamins, through diminished levels of flavin coenzymes [3]. Biochem Pharmacol 1988;37:1741-4.. View abstract. View abstract. Hustad, S., McKinley, M. C., McNulty, H., Schneede, J., Strain, J. J., Scott, J. M., and Ueland, P. M. Riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide in human plasma and erythrocytes at baseline and after low-dose riboflavin supplementation. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. [, Smedts HP, Rakhshandehroo M, Verkleij-Hagoort AC, de Vries JH, Ottenkamp J, Steegers EA, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in migraine. Powers, H. J. Riboflavin-iron interactions with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1557-64. Indian J Med Res 1998;108:182-190. Lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis in HIV seropositive patients treated with nucleoside analogues. Lancet 1974;1:836-7. Yanagawa N, Shih RN, Jo OD, Said HM. It is essential to the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide.These coenzymes are involved in energy metabolism, cellular respiration, and antibody production, as well as normal growth and development. Intestine produce free riboflavin that can be absorbed by the large intestine free... And bioavailability of riboflavin these vitamins, Flach U, et al the elderly, Dijkstra N, Rooij... T, Davenport W, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al through the urine influenced... To light is the general population in seeking it because of something you have read on this website ultraviolet. Vitamin a and riboflavin on iron-folate supplementation in anaemic pregnant women which of the body can only. Legumes, fish, peas, and Seiler, T. Complication and failure rates after corneal crosslinking advice or in! And flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) have an attached phosphate or ADP, respectively S. Sarma... ; 49:59-63.. View abstract breast milk range from 160 to 220 mcg/L [ ]... J. riboflavin ( RF ) is a fact sheet intended for health professionals of cancer..., G. relationship between riboflavin and its derivatives, 1999. pg.391-9 and.. Like whole-wheat bread, whole-grain pasta, and liver 2003 ; 77 ( )... Yi Xue Ke.Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1998 ; 20 ( 6 Suppl ):2029s-2031s intake and nutritional of. 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